Education and Macroeconomics - 548 Words

In many countries, females have lower educational enrollments in schools compared to males. The productivity of these countries is a major player in their ability to have what is considered as a high economic growth or low economic growth; depending on the human capital. Education is a huge part of human capital because without education no country would be able to succeed economically, but the lower the enrollment/progression rate of the females, the lower the economic growth of the country. In today’s world, there are many well developed countries in which the female to male ratio is very low. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the female to male ratio for secondary enrollment was 59% in 2012; Saudi Arabia, 97.6 %, which is a great deal better than that of the Democratic Republic of Congo. I choose to examine the macroeconomic and education of a Sub-Saharan country and a Middle Eastern country. Human capital by definition is the knowledge and skills that worker require through school, training, and experience. Productivity is usually higher when human capital is higher because you have the knowledge and skills to go out into the labor force and be productive because of your previous knowledge from vocational school, college education, internships etc. But without any prior education is hard for a person to exceed and if there are large groups of people in a country that do not have a sound education, that is means for the country to have a low productivity rat e. When IShow MoreRelatedObjectives of Macroeconomics1477 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Macroeconomics Chapter 1 Introduction to Macroeconomics 1.1 INTRODUCTION †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Economics is divided into two main branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Macro means large, and micro means small. Microeconomics takes a close-up view of the economy by concentrating on the choices made by individual participants in the economy such as consumers, workers, business managers and investors. Microeconomics stresses on the role of prices in business and personal decisionsRead MoreLaws of Supply and Demand1244 Words   |  5 Pagesspecifically wrong about, while macroeconomics concerns things economists are wrong about generally. Or to be more technical, microeconomics is about money you don’t have, and macroeconomics is about money the government is out of† (Beggs, 2014). On a serious note however, macroeconomics and microeconomics are different from each other yet both play a crucial role. The Atlantis simulation gave a great example of the two important aspects of economics, microeconomics and macroeconomics. This simulation showedRead MoreMacroeconomic Policies Of National Development1117 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Macroeconomic is a study of an economy in an aggregate. Macro economy defines economic changes that affect household, companies and market. Macro economy can be used to analyze the things that influence policy goals such as economic growth, price stability, employment and the achievement of sustainable balance sheet. Macroeconomic problems occur in every country, both developed countries and developing countries. Therefore, the government created the macroeconomic policies so that nationalRead MoreEconomy of Singapore 1077 Words   |  5 Pagessuccess behind Asia’s Four Little Dragon, the government economic policies and strategies is debatable. The role of a Government plays a crucial role in its nation economic market, ensuring macroeconomic stability and planning long term plan is the fundamental requirement for the nation growth. Macroeconomic sum up the nation income, output performance and global economies. Singapore Using Singapore to debate has an interesting point of view. After it separation from Malaysia at 9 of August 1965Read MoreThe Limits to Macroeconomic Policy Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesThe Limits to Macroeconomic Policy A country’s economy represents an equilibrium driven by the vast workings of many moving parts. Some of these parts include governments, policy makers, trade partners, international investors and banking authorities. Today’s technological advancements have made it easier than ever for monies to traverse national borders quickly and efficiently. This capability facilitates inflows and outflows of capital in response to signals. Not all of these signals areRead MoreMacroeconomics And Macroeconomics Of Macroeconomics1445 Words   |  6 PagesMacroeconomics (from the Greek prefix makro- meaning large and economics) is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies.[1][2] With microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields ineconomics. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, National income, price indices, and the interrelationsRead MoreMacroeconomic Objectives Of The Malaysian Economy1542 Words   |  7 PagesFour macroeconomic objectives In this section I will be discussing how well does Malaysia manage to achieve the four macroeconomic objectives which are; high and stable economic growth, low unemployment, low inflation and avoidance of large balance of trade deficit. One of the ways that Malaysia’s economy plan to reach the goals of high and stable economic growth is by implementing a fiscal consolidation â€Å"The Malaysian government has embarked on fiscal consolidation† (Ratings and Investment InformationRead MoreNotes On Macroeconomic Policy And Monetary Policy974 Words   |  4 PagesReorienting macroeconomic policy Feb 12th 2010, 16:33 by S.D. | WASHINGTON This article is written from a positive standpoint it also discusses Blanchard and Co.s list of the oversights and mistakes of Great Moderation macroeconomics and macro policy. Which include some items I will discuss such as: fiscal policy, monetary policy, monetary policy focused exclusively on inflation and used only one target the policy rate, and financial regulation was in its own silo, outside the macro policy frameworkRead MoreThe Government ´s Role in the Success of Singapore Essay1445 Words   |  6 PagesYes, I agree that a huge part of Singapore’s economic success has been built on the government’s ability to ensure macroeconomic stability as well as build long-term growth. To ensure macroeconomic stability, fiscal policy, which is the usage of government expenditures and taxes, and monetary policy, which is the changing of interest rates and quantity of money in the economy, and supply-side policies, that look into the strengthening the production capabil ities of companies, have to be implementedRead MoreCurrent Macroeconomic Conditions Of Australia969 Words   |  4 PagesCurrent macroeconomic conditions in Australia Introduction It is said that the Australian economy was picking up in the March quarter in 2015, although the growth rate of the economy is still below the average over the past year. And there were some early indications that the strength of growing in the June quarter was not as strong as in the March quarter (Rba.gov.au 2015). Different kinds of macroeconomic indicators construct a picture of current macroeconomic conditions in Australia. There are

The Guatemalan Case, Guatemalans Vs Johns Hopkins University

The Guatemalan Case In the lawsuit â€Å"Guatemalans vs Johns Hopkins University† over 800 Guatemalans were deliberately infected with sexually transmitted diseases and then treated with penicillin in an experiment to see if this antibiotic would work in treating these diseases. Researchers from John Hopkins School of Medicine infected kids in an orphanage, prisoners and mental health patients without their knowledge with syphilis and gonorrhea. These experiments happened from 1945 to 1656 but were not discovered until 2010. In the article it talks about how the experiment was kept a secret and did not publish any findings on whether the penicillin worked or not, probably because it was unsuccessful. It also talked about how the Guatemalans that were infected and then treat were not given follow up care nor information on what they were infected with. Many of the victims of these experiments went on living there lives with no idea what the institution had done to them. They li ved with the effects of these diseases and passed these things on to sexual partners and to their children. Although about 1,500 people were infected during the experiment many have passed away. In the article, it goes on to talk about a little girl who lived in an orphanage and at nine years old she was called to the infirmary where several doctors including one Guatemalan doctor, she was infected with syphilis. Many of the Guatemalans lived their lives without knowing the truth. These acts were similarShow MoreRelatedThe And Johns Hopkins University1065 Words   |  5 PagesIn the lawsuit â€Å"Guatemalans vs Johns Hopkins University† over 800 Guatemalans were deliberately infected with sexually transmitted diseases and then treated with penicillin in an experiment to see if this antibiotic would work in treating these diseases. Researchers from John Hopkins School of Medicine infected kids in an orphanage, prisoners and mental health patients without their knowledge with syphilis and gonorrhea. These experiments happened from 1945 to 1656 but were not discovered until 2010Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesSouthern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric

Women Have Evolved Free Essays

Women have come a long way in America. They used to not be able to vote or stand alone with major decision that had to be made. Now they are so many advantages for women living in our society and now thank god these advantages are now rights to women of America. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Have Evolved or any similar topic only for you Order Now Women in the USA have taken advantage of these new right and exceled with them to become better individuals. Women in America have advantages because there are now contraceptives to prevent pregnancy, more women are able to go to school and get education, women now hold their own jobs and women are getting married at an older age because they are now independent. Contraceptives have become a must have for women in the United States. This great for American women because in past there were no contraceptives, women would get married and have many children because lack of birth control for them. Some women would have what they call mistakes, because of one night stands and be stuck with a baby they were not ready for. Women are now able with the help contraceptive to choose when they want to get pregnant and when they just want to wait till the time is right. Women have took advantage of being able to control getting pregnant and are now having children at older age, when they feel more mature and ready to have children. Women used to have to stay home in take care of their children. Most women in America would be lucky if they were even able to get a high school diploma. Men back in the days did not want their woman to further their education, but now with new advantages women have started excelling and going to college. They started to realize that they could still have a family and graduate from college. Women are taking their education seriously and now succeeding in college due being given the privileged attend college. As stated by whitehouse. gov â€Å"Woman’s gains in educational attainment have significantly outpaced those of men over the last 40 years† (para 5). Woman worth in this economy had started to become recognized in the United States. More women have started graduating from ollege and not stopping at high school because of starting a family. Because our society have given woman a chance to get a higher education there scores on test , classes and graduated rates have passed up the men in America. The Economist wrote â€Å"Women in the United States earned 60%of university degrees in America†(para 3). Now that women are able to work and not told to stay at home and watch after their children they are doing good in the workforce and able to obtain work that before was only able to be obtained by a man. The Economist stated â€Å"They run some of the world’s best companies, such as PepsiCo, Archer Daniels Midland and W. L. Gore (Para 3). Women are more independent with having their own jobs and do not depend on men to take care of them. Some women have had to step to the plate so that they could have a two income home and make in this new society in America. According to the Economist â€Å"Women now make up almost half of American workers (49. 9% in October)(para3). How to cite Women Have Evolved, Papers

Integrated Marketing Operations for Digital Media-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIntegrated Marketing Operations for Digital Media. Answer: Introduction Use of social media, internet, mobile devises and other forms of digital communication has highly increased. The most affected are the young generation, who spend part or whole of their time online either through use of phone or by use of internet in computers. People engage in digital and social media for many reasons like consumers are able to get information about certain products being sold and their prices and others buy them and share their experiences elsewhere either through social media. Digital marketing has greatly increased as marketers have opted for this platform to market their products (Ryan Jones, 2012). There are certain themes that emerge through consumer research on digital and social media and they include; Advertising is a major form of marketing and it shows how consumers behave and respond to various digital advertisements. Consumers react differently on this forums and personal websites advertisements are highly preferred when dealing with personal information (Jemann Burbary, 2013). Consumer digital culture is the digital environments where consumers are found. It involves ways in which consumer introduces themselves and their concepts into digital environment. Blogging has created a high effect and build high audience as consumers flood the forum to check on available products. Use of mobile device by consumers especially in online shopping is so important. In In-store shopping, consumers are highly attracted to mobile offers in store and they are forced to do impulse buying. Online word of mouth and reviews can be online or offline. Consumers at times find good to do offline word of mouth than online because of its high perceived risk. Reference: Ryan, D., Jones, C. (2012).Understanding digital marketing: Marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation. Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page. Jeman C., Burbary, K. (2013).Digital marketing analytics: Making sense of in a digital word. Indianapolis, Indiana: QUE. Communication Communication in marketing involves use of messages and other related mediate to convey information with a market. It is also known as promotion which is part of marketing mix and it helps a company reach its target audience through different forms of communication (Egan, 2007). Technology and use of internet has made a great change in which interaction and communication is done world-wide. Branding has also become the major strategy for most companies; this is because building a strong brand helps in increasing the effectiveness of marketing communication and by so doing, consumers will be more willing to attend forums on communications of a brand. Marketing communication is seen as the voice of the company and its brands and it is a way in which a relationship can be build with the company and even among consumers. It comprises of eight modes of communication, four being mass media modes and the others personal modes and they include; advertising, promotion, events and past experiences, public relation and publicity, direct marketing, interactive marketing, word-of mouth marketing and personal selling. Marketing communication shows consumers about certain products, its use, who sells, where and when it is sold and through this consumers get to know about a product and the company manufacturing it. Communication allows the company to link its products/brands to different markets. Despite good communication roles, there is tough environment of communication because of change of media environment due to introduction of technology which has eroded mass media use and I this new media environment, the consumer is the in control. Reference: Egan, J. (2007).Marketing communications. London: Thomson. Top of Form Koekemoer, L., Bird, S. (2004).Marketing communications. Lansdowne, South Africa: Juta Academic.Bottom of Form Smit, L. (2007).Marketing communication. Cape Town: Pearson Education South Africa. Consumer Behavior This is best described as the study of how people make decisions about the products and services to purchase depending on their needs (Noel, 2009). Online shopping has greatly increased as well as its sales growth; this is because of entry of new brands in the market innovated using the web technology hence increase in consumer experiences. Because of this, online marketers have looked into the consumer behavior in this environment and builded trust on the consumers hence improves the number of purchases done online. This trust comes by because of the consumers experience which has also aided in improving awareness of the products, hence full satisfaction. Experience has helped customers have high knowledge of various areas including decision making and the use of products (Wright, 2006). Consumer behavior has helped in different ways which include making marketing campaigns better, This is achieved by understanding what products the consumers are more interested and ensuring that they are available as required, ensuring that the initial customers are maintained because they help in spreading the experiences to other new and potential customers. There are factors that affect consumer behavior in marketing and they include; psychological factors whereby each an individual responds differently to marketing message depending on their point of view and attitudes, thus this should be considered to ensure marketing is appealing. The other factor is about personality, people have different characteristics on how they handle things and this depends on age, gender, culture and background. Marketing should therefore know the target audience so as to get good reception. Reference: East, R., Wright, M., Vanhuele, M. (2008).Consumer behavior: Applications in marketing. Wright, R. (2006).Consumer behavior. London: Thompson Learning. Noel, H. (2009).Consumer behavior. Lausanne, Switzerland: AVA Academia. Ethics and advertising Ethics are moral principles and values that govern decisions of a person or group. In advertising therefore it describes defined guidelines that guide ways of communication that takes place between a seller and buyer. Ethical describes rightful thing, therefore when advertising a product, it should be the right one, with the correct components, and with the correct price which doesnt exploit consumers and by so doing you increase the market (Blocher, 2008). Ethics in advertising is related to purpose and nature of advertising, a product advertised in an way to prove the benefit and by so doing you attract customers (Murphy, 2005), a company can advertise a product in a exaggerative manner for the purpose of informing about quality hence attract market. Ethics depends on what people believe; this happens when customers are made to believe a certain product and are finally linked buy it, for example lottery games. Therefore for a company who wishes to improve on their brands and maintain relationships with the customers, they should practice ethical marketing so that customers will not feel cheated and therefore get attracted to buy the products knowing that the company produces good quality products. A company should practice ethical marketing when they are advertising their products because it is economical and effective, and for it to increase profits the company should revise their existing markets. Ethical marketing should be done in a right procedure by analyzing the company well, looking at the existing and the potential customers, and the market where it does its operations. By so doing, whatever result from the analysis will determine the kind of advertising to perform in an ethical so as to improve performance and hence profit making. Reference: Blocher, H. (2008).Advertising Ethics - An Oxymoron?. Munich: GRIN Verlag GmbH. Carrigan, M., Marinova, S. T., Szmigin, I. (2005).Ethics and international marketing: Research background and challenges. Bradford, England: Emerald Group Pub. Murphy, P. E. (2005).Ethical marketing. Upper Saddle River, NJ [u.a.: Prentice-Hall.

Quality Theory in the Hospitality Industry

International Coastal Clean-up Reaction Paper Essays

International Coastal Clean-up Reaction Paper Essays International Coastal Clean-up Reaction Paper Essay International Coastal Clean-up Reaction Paper Essay International Coastal Clean-up Reaction Paper Ocean Conservancy’s International Coastal Cleanup is the world’s largest voluntary attempt for ocean’s wellness. Each twelvemonth. 1000s of voluntaries from around the Earth participate. uncluttering dozenss of rubbish from coastlines. rivers and lakes and entering every piece of rubbish collected. On a beautiful. hot. sunny and a small spot showery Saturday. we participated in the Annual International Coastal Cleanup at Freedom Island near the Manila-Cavite Expressway. It started at 8:00 am and was good organised. We brought our ain bags. baseball mitts and even sticks to catch the trash with. We patrolled the beach looking for litter and found chiefly little pieces like bottle tops. coffin nail butts. places. slippers. plastics and froths. It was saddening to see how much plastic you really find on a comparatively clean beach. I can non believe of a better topographic point to be than on the beach and took the autonomy of taking dips in the sea to chill off every now and so so it barely felt similar work at all and most of all. it felt good to be assisting out. We cleaned for a good two hours and at midday. we were offered drinks and participated in a group exposure for recollection and certification intents. We are all connected to the ocean. And we’re all responsible for the rubbish we leave behind. whether we mean to or non. We joined this planetary motion that is giving back to the ocean. spent merely one twenty-four hours of taking rubbish from our beaches and waterways. I can non believe of a better topographic point to be than on the beach and took the autonomy of taking dips in the sea to chill off every now and so so it barely felt similar work at all and most of all. it felt good to be assisting out. We cleaned for a good two hours and at midday. we were offered drinks and participated in a group exposure for recollection and certification intents. We are all connected to the ocean. And we’re all responsible for the rubbish we leave behind. whether we mean to or non. We joined this planetary motion that is giving back to the ocean. spent merely one twenty-four hours of taking rubbish from our beaches and waterways. I can non believe of a better topographic point to be than on the beach and took the autonomy of taking dips in the sea to chill off every now and so so it barely felt similar work at all and most of all. it felt good to be assisting out. We cleaned for a good two hours and at midday. we were offered drinks and participated in a group exposure for recollection and certification intents. We are all connected to the ocean. And we’re all responsible for the rubbish we leave behind. whether we mean to or non. We joined this planetary motion that is giving back to the ocean. spent merely one twenty-four hours of taking rubbish from our beaches and waterways. I can non believe of a better topographic point to be than on the beach and took the autonomy of taking dips in the sea to chill off every now and so so it barely felt similar work at all and most of all. it felt good to be assisting out. We cleaned for a good two hours and at midday. we were offered drinks and participated in a group exposure for recollection and certification intents. We are all connected to the ocean. And we’re all responsible for the rubbish we leave behind. whether we mean to or non. We joined this planetary motion that is giving back to the ocean. spent merely one twenty-four hours of taking rubbish from our beaches and waterways.

Female Charcters in Fairy Tales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Female Charcters in Fairy Tales - Essay Example Not all agree with the claim that traditional fairy tales such as â€Å"Cinderella† positively portray females. Pollitt maintains that it is virtually impossible to come across a fairytale in which women are portrayed as â€Å"active, brave and determined.† Instead, in the world of fairytales, Pollitt (1995, p. 479) maintains that females â€Å"blend seamlessly into the animated cereal commercials.† Indeed, these remarks are perfectly applicable to the Disney film versions of â€Å"Cinderella,† â€Å"Snow White,† and â€Å"Sleeping Beauty,† among others. In none of these movies do the female characters commit themselves to any action or even make an attempt at defending themselves. Cinderella’s single act of rebellion was to go to the ball without her stepmother’s knowledge but with her fairy godmother's permission and protection. This act is never repeated. In the shoe-fitting scene, she hangs back and does not come forward unt il she is pressed to by Palace officials. This is the ultimate in passivity since she knew that were she just to step forward, her entire life would change. She does not, however, and this in itself, evidences the fact that the course and direction of her life are shaped by others and not be herself. Consequently, within the context of Disney’s film versions of popular fairy tales as â€Å"Cinderella,† one can safely assert the prevalence of negative gender stereotypes. The negative gender stereotypes which audiences can detect in Disney’s â€Å"Cinderella† were not imposed upon the movie by the fairytale itself.... The negative gender stereotypes which audiences can detect in Disney's "Cinderella" were not imposed upon the movie by the fairytale itself, since, in none of its versions are females depicted in this weak, passive and inactive manner. In different versions of the "Cinderella" story, the male character does not make any impression at all, and is only reacts to the actions of the female characters. In the Grimm version, the action of the plot is shaped by the step sisters' determination that Cinderella does not go to the ball, and Cinderella's determination to go. She defies her stepsister when she does not perform the tasks they set for her but has the magic pigeons do it for her. Furthermore, all through this story, the events are shaped by Cinderella's dead mother's spirit. She is the one who sends her daughter the pigeons and gives her the chance to go to the ball. Actually, the prince does not choose Cinderella but both she and her dead mother choose him for her as the only one t hat is good enough for Cinderella. It is all like a magic matchmaking story where the prince walks into the marriage trap that was set out for him by the dead mother. The whole plot is a conflict between women and it is very easy to imagine the Prince's character replaced by another prize symbolizing the victory of the good over the evil, but it is not possible to imagine the story without Cinderella or the evil stepsisters. The Charles Perrault version of the "Cinderella" story confirms the view that men, not women, are very much on the borders of the story. The prince does not appear until halfway through and the first male character we see,

Al-Nusrah Front Terrorist Group Profile Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Al-Nusrah Front Terrorist Group Profile - Thesis Example The paper will also analyze the American policies on homeland security, and relate the aspects of the policies to the design and structure of the Al-Nusrah Front. Terrorism is a serious global issue that is attracting great financial, political, war, economic, religious and social strategies. Usually, the groups characterize with competent military structures and strategies that enable them to fight military of sovereign states. Currently, largest terrorist groups have concentrated within the Middle East and Arabic speaking countries. The nature and organization of the groups has led to labeling of some as Islamic-oriented. In fact, the greatest terrorist groups such as the Al-Qaeda, Al-Nusrah, ISIL and the Hamas have Islamism at the core of their ideologies. Most of the terrorist groups have been targeting Western countries, America in particular, and the allies. A case in point was the 9/11 event that made terror threat on Western countries a reality. It is for the escalation of terrorist activities targeted at America that the US government strengthened policies on Homeland security. The Al-Nusrah Front otherwise called Jabhat al-Nusra is among the renowned global terrorist groups after enlistment by Australia, United States, United Nations, Turkey, United Kingdom, and Russia. Analysis of the Al-Nusrah alongside US security policies is important in determining the efficiencies of the homeland security programs in tackling any threats from the group. The Al-Nusrah Front or Jabhat al-Nusra is a terrorist group based in Syria with extended operations to Lebanon. The group started forming late in 2011 and formalized its existence on January 23, 2012 through publication. The group pays allegiance to the Al-Qaeda of Iraq that saw its formation under the leadership of Abu M. al-Julani, who was an operative of Al-Qaeda in Iraq. The purpose for the creation of the group was to

Discuss how RAID can be implimented Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discuss how RAID can be implimented - Essay Example back is its high cost due to use of a separate processor and software which gives the RAID system greater strength to handle recovery and disk rebuilding. Another approach to implementing hardware RAID is IOC. The advantage of controller-based RAID is that it is cheaper because it simply uses processors on the disk controllers. However, controller based RAID is restricted by the power of the processor and the memory bandwidth of the controller, which makes it slower than IOP RAID. On the other hand, software RAID can be implemented using a disk controller driver or an operating system. Software RAID is cheaper than hardware RAID but is not as reliable. Software RAID may be useful in small applications where quality performance is not really expected. It is used in the drivers of the hard disk controllers and is independent of the operating system. Operating System based RAID uses a RAID engine in the operating system. Both disk controller driver and operating system driver RAID are dependent on system processor which can be specifically used in low performance and lightly loaded

International Trade Theories Absolute Comparative and Competitive Advantage

International Trade Theories Absolute Comparative and Competitive Advantage Absolute advantage theory was first presented by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations in 1776. Smith provided the first concept of a nations wealth. Adam Smith is a grandfather of economics because he introduced two important concepts that many of the new trade theories are based on these two main concepts, which are specialization and free exchange (Cho et al., 2000). However, many arguments were made and many economists thought there was a problem with the theory of absolute advantage after David Ricardo published the theory of comparative cost (aka comparative advantage) in the early 19th century (Curry, 2000). Even though Smith and his followers introduced many important points for the thoughts of economic, it is too complicated with this simple version of trade theory in todays global economy. In 1990, Michael Porter introduced the diamond model of new competitiveness theory (Cho et al., 2000). These three trade theories are important in order to make a country or busine ss successfully. Therefore, the importance of absolute advantage, comparative advantage, and competitive advantage will be discussed thoroughly. Absolute advantage is the ability to produce a good with fewer resources than other producers (Ayers et al., 2005). According to Joseph A. Schumpeter (1954, 374), seems to have believed that under free trade all goods would be produced where their absolute costs in terms of labor are lowest (Van Marrewijk, 2009). Smith suggests that a country should export those goods and services for which it is more productive than other countries are, and import those goods and services for which other countries have more productive than it is. For instance, assume there are only two countries in the world- France and Japan; there are only two goods Wine and Clock radios; and there is only one factor of production- Labor. In France, one hour of labor can produce either two bottles of wine or three clock radios. In Japan, one hour of labor can produce either one bottle of wine or five clock radios. Therefore, the absolute advantage to produce wine is France because one hour of labor produces two b ottles in France, but Japan only produces one. The absolute advantage to produce clock radios is Japan because one hour of labor produces five clock radios in Japan while France only produces three. France is more efficient in the production of wine and Japan is more efficient in the production of clock radios. If these two countries are able to trade with one another, they both will be better off (Griffin et al., 2010). Comparative Advantage The theory of absolute advantage makes sense intuitively. Unfortunately, the theory had a problem. What if one country had an absolute advantage in both products? David Ricardo solved this problem by introducing the theory of comparative advantage, which states that a country should specialize and export those goods and services for which it is relatively more productive than other countries are and import those goods and services for which other countries are relatively more productive than it is (Griffin et al., 2010). Therefore, according to this theory, a country must specialize in order to gain from trade. A country has a comparative advantage if it can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than could other countries. For instance, Michael Jordan selected basketball as his career and economics as his major. He had to make a choice in order to excel at other majors or careers. He chose basketball where he could shine in with his area of relative strength. On the other hand, Doug might take longer to mow yards than other people would take. Even if he cannot do anything well, he can still do some things relatively better than other things. People would still hire him because he would charge them less than the opportunity cost of their own time. In this case, Michael Jordan might hire him because the opportunity cost of his time would be too high. It would be unrelated that whether Michael could do his own lawn faster (Ayers et al., 2005). Even though the comparative advantage is very useful for explaining the reasons of trade and the increases welfare of the trading partners by trade, this theory is still incomplete. There are two problems in this theory. First, the extreme degree of specialization can be predicted by this theory, but in some countries, they not only produce one good but many import-competing products. Second, the trade based on differences in country productivity levels between countries, but it did not explain the existence of these di fferences (Cho et al., 2000). Competitive Advantage The leading theorist of competitive advantage theory is Michael E. Porter. According to Porter, National prosperity is created, not inherited. It grows with natural endowments in a country, as well as its labor pool, its interest rates, or its currencys value. The competitive advantage of nations is the capacity of its industry to innovate and upgrade to form a nations competitiveness. Companies benefit from having home based suppliers aggressively, domestic rivals strongly, and demanding local customers. Geographic cluster or companies concentrations established competitive advantage in different parts of the same industry. According to Porter, nations are most likely to succeed in industries where the national diamond is the most favorable. He believes that success in international trade comes from the four interrelated components, which are factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and firm strategy structure, and rivalry. Porter also concluded that their home environment is the most forward-looking, challenging, and dynamic so that nations succeed in particular industries (Cho et al., 2000). Companies achieve competitive advantage from acts of innovation. They approach innovation in both new technologies and new ways of doing things. Innovation can be represented in a new product design, new production process, or a new marketing strategy. Perceiving an entirely new market opportunity can contribute to create competitive advantage from some innovations. Innovation yields competitive advantage when competitors are slow to respond. For instance, in autos and home electronics industries, Japanese companies focused on smaller and lower capacity models that foreign competitors despised as low profit, low importance, and low attraction (Cho et al., 2000). Conclusion The three traditional trade theories were discussed. They are all useful theories that remain in understanding many of industrial and trade policies nowadays. For example, when a country considers industrial and trade policies, the comparative advantage theory can be a basic guideline. Because todays world is much more complicated than before, those theories are not satisfactory in explaining the international trade in nowadays situation. The main goal of model building is understand the world easily by recognize the most important variable or variables (Cho et al., 2000).

The Theme of Colonialism in Shakespeares Tempest Essay -- colonizatio

The Tempest, by Shakespeare, offers the reader a variety of themes. The one theme that stands out the most is that of colonialism. During the time of Shakespeare, many European countries such as Spain, France, and England, were expanding their borders by taking over less developed countries, referred to as colonies. During this time of exploitation, there was skepticism concerning the possible success of the colonies. While some scholars believe that the play is about the Americas, I argue that the play reflects on colonialism in general and how it is destined for failure which is shown through the character’s relationships throughout the play. During the 1600’s the English decided to have people colonize in the Americas for the potential resources and wealth that they may find. During this time Spain, France, Portugal, and the Dutch have already began trade and exploration in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. England hearing of their riches, didn’t want to miss out of the opportunity. However, during these expeditions, there has been various news beforehand of the strong oceanic storms that would sometimes destroy ships or mislead them from their destinations Such news was not uncommon but due to the storms, many of the people knew the dangers of the journey and would often doubt the success of these explorations. For example, â€Å" In may 1609, nine ships carrying 500 colonists under Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Summers had set sail to America to reinforce the colony at Jamestown. In an unusual storm, Gates and Summers were driven on the Bermudas, before managing to sail to the mainland† (Honan 371 ). News such as this was widespread throughout England and amongst these would be news of the encounters with natives. For example, â€Å"... ... such as slavery and exploitation of nature, and also gives us insight to the speculations that were common in the time of explorations and discovery. Works Cited Cesaire, Aime, Richard Miller and William Shakespeare. A Tempest: Based on Shakespeare‘s The Tempest, Adaptation for a Black Theatre. New York: TCG Translations, 2002. Print Shakespeare, William, Virginia Mason, Vaughan, and Alden T. Vaughan. The Tempest. Arden Shakespeare, 1997. Print. Third Series Smith, Hallet Darius. Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Tempest; A Collection of Critical Essays, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969. Print. Honan, Park. Shakespeare: A Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Print. Marshall, Tristan. â€Å"The Tempest and the British Imperium in 1611.† The Historical Journal 41.2 (2003): 375-400. Print.

John Gokongwei †Cebu Pacific

John Gokongwei is the founder of Cebu Pacific, a Filipino airline company started in 2005. Cebu Pacific is one of the most recognised airline companies in the Philippines. John Gokongwei is a great rags to riches story of how he started entrepreneurship out of poverty. He also is a active philantrophist and donates millions to various charities around the Philippines. John L. Gokongwei Jr. Who is he? â€Å"Call it trite–but, believe me, success can be achieved, through hard work, frugality, integrity, responsiveness to change–and most of all, boldness to dream.These have never been just easy slogans for me. I have lived by them† Gokongwei Jr. , John L. , Commencement Address (AdMU), 27 March 2004. What made him a leader? The qualities that Gokongwei possesses made him a successful business tycoon. He is a type of person who is a risk-taker; he was never afraid to take the next steps for his empire to grow. He is an optimistic person, failures and mistakes were ne ver a barrier for him, he always try to have a healthy attitude towards failure, it’s a part of being an entrepreneur which is clearly stated in his quote: Achievements Mr. John L.  Gokongwei, Jr. , serves as President of JG Summit Capital Markets Corp.Mr. Gokongwei served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of JG Summit Holdings, Inc. from 1990 to 2001, which he founded. Mr. Gokongwei served as the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer at Oriental Petroleum And Minerals Corp. from 1994 to 2002. He founded Universal Robina Corp. in 1954. He served as Chief Executive Officer and President of Digital Telecommunications Phils Inc. for JG Summit Holdings Inc. He served as Chief Executive Officer of Universal Robina Corporation, Robinsons Land Corp., JG Summit since 2001. He was primarily responsible for the overall direction and development of JG Summit Group of Companies which he founded in the mid-fifties. He founded Robinsons Land Corp. in 1980 and has been i ts Chairman Emeritus since January 1, 2002. He has been Chairman Emeritus of Universal Robina Corporation since January 1, 2002. He has been Chairman Emeritus at JG Summit Holdings Inc. , since January 1, 2002. Mr. Gokongwei is the Founder of Universal Robina (Cayman), Ltd and has been its Chairman Emeritus since January 2002.He serves as the Chairman of Gokongwei Brothers Foundation, Inc. and Great Pacific Life Assurance Corporation. He served as Chairman of JG Summit and Universal Robina Corporation. He served as Chairman of the Board of Robinsons Land until December 31, 2001. He has been Deputy Chairman of United Industrial Corporation Limited since 1999 and Non-Executive Deputy Chairman of Singapore Land Ltd. since 1999. He has been a Director of Manila Midtown Hotels and Land Corporation since 1973, Gokongwei Brothers Foundation, Inc. , since 1992, Cebu Air, Inc., since December 1995, Litton Mills, Inc. , since 1978, Robinsons Land Corp. , since 1980, Southern Negros Developmen t Corporation since 1982, Universal Robina Sugar Milling Corporation since 1987, Robinsons Inc. , since 1987, United Industrial Corporation Limited since July 27, 1999 and Singapore Land Ltd. since 1999.Mr. Gokongwei has been a Director of A. Soriano Corp. since May 21, 1980 and JG Summit Petrochemical Corporation since 1994. He serves as a Director of Universal Robina Corp. , Universal Robina (Cayman), Ltd. , JG Summit Holdings Inc., JG Summit Capital Markets Corporation of JG Summit Holdings Inc. , PGPI, Oriental Petroleum and Minerals Corp. , First Private Power Corporation and Bauang Private Power Corporation. He served as a Director of Digital Telecommunications Phils Inc. , from May 1993 to October 26, 2011. He served as a Director of Philex Mining Corp. from 1993 to September 2008. Mr. Gokongwei received an Master's degree in Business Administration from the De La Salle University in the Philippines in 1977 and attended the Advanced Management Program at Harvard University, B oston, Massachusetts, USA from 1972 to 1973.

Fitz John Porter - Civil War - Major General

Fitz John Porter - Civil War - Major General   Fitz John Porter - Early Life Career: Born August 31, 1822 in Portsmouth, NH, Fitz John Porter came from a prominent naval family and was a cousin of Admiral David Dixon Porter.   Enduring a difficult childhood as his father, Captain John Porter, battled alcoholism, Porter elected not to go to sea and instead sought an appointment to West Point.   Gaining admission in 1841, he was a classmate of Edmund Kirby Smith.   Graduating four years later, Porter ranked eighth in a class of forty-one and received a commission as a second lieutenant in the 4nd US Artillery.   With the outbreak of the Mexican-American War the following year, he prepared for combat.            Ã‚   Assigned to Major General Winfield Scotts army, Porter landed in Mexico in the spring of 1847 and took part in the siege of Veracruz.   As the army pushed inland, he saw further action at Cerro Gordo on April 18 before receiving a promotion to first lieutenant in May.   In August, Porter fought at the Battle of Contreras before earning a brevet promotion for his performance at Molino del Rey on September 8.   Seeking to capture Mexico City, Scott attacked Chapultepec Castle later that month.   A resounding American victory that led to citys fall, the battle saw Porter wounded while fighting near the Belen Gate.   For his efforts, he was brevetted to major.    Fitz John Porter - Antebellum Years: Following the end of the war, Porter returned north for garrison duty at Fort Monroe, VA and Fort Pickens. FL.   Ordered to West Point in 1849, he began a four-year term as an instructor in artillery and cavalry.   Remaining at the academy, he also served as adjutant until 1855.   Sent to the frontier later that year, Porter became assistant adjutant general for the Department of the West.   In 1857, he moved west with Colonel Albert S. Johnstons expedition to quell issues with the Mormons during the Utah War.   Serving as the forces adjutant, Porter returned east in 1860.   First tasked with inspecting harbor fortifications along the East Coast, in February 1861 he was ordered to aid in evacuating Union personnel from Texas after it seceded.    Fitz John Porter - The Civil War Begins: Returning, Porter briefly served as chief of staff and assistant adjutant general for the Department of Pennsylvania before being promoted to colonel and given command of the 15th US Infantry on May 14.   As the Civil War had commenced a month earlier, he worked to prepare his regiment for battle.   During the summer of 1861, Porter acted as chief of staff first to Major General Robert Patterson and then Major General Nathaniel Banks.   On August 7, Porter received a promotion to brigadier general.   This was backdated to May 17 to give him sufficient seniority to command a division in Major General George B. McClellans newly-formed Army of the Potomac.   Befriending his superior, Porter began a relationship which would ultimately prove devastating for his career. Fitz John Porter - The Peninsula Seven Days: In the spring of 1862, Porter moved south to the Peninsula with his division.   Serving in Major General Samuel Heintzelmans III Corps, his men took part in the siege of Yorktown in April and early May.   On May 18, as the Army of the Potomac slowly pushed up the Peninsula, McClellan selected Porter to command the newly-formed V Corps.   At the end of the month, McClellans advance was halted at the Battle of Seven Pines and General Robert E. Lee assumed command of Confederate forces in the area.   Recognizing that his army could not win a protracted siege at Richmond, Lee began making plans to attack Union forces with the goal of driving them back from the city. Assessing McClellans position, he found that Porters corps was isolated north of the Chickahominy River near Mechanicsville. In this location, V Corps was tasked with protecting McClellans supply line, the Richmond and York River Railroad, which ran back to White House Landing on the Pamunkey River. Seeing an opportun ity, Lee intended to attack while the bulk of McClellans men were below the Chickahominy.    Moving against Porter on June 26, Lee assaulted the Union lines at the Battle of Beaver Dam Creek.   Though his men inflicted a bloody defeat on the Confederates, Porter received orders from a nervous McClellan to fall back to Gaines Mill.   Attacked the next day, V Corps mounted a stubborn defense until being overwhelmed in the Battle of Gaines Mill.   Crossing the Chickahominy, Porters corps joined the armys withdrawal back towards the York River.   During the retreat, Porter selected Malvern Hill, near the river, as site for the army to make a stand.   Exercising tactical control for an absent McClellan, Porter repelled numerous Confederate assaults at the Battle of Malvern Hill on July 1.   In recognition of his strong performance during the campaign, Porter was promoted to major general on July 4. Fitz John Porter - Second Manassas: Seeing that McClellan posed little threat, Lee began marching north to deal with Major General John Popes Army of Virginia.   Shortly thereafter, Porter received orders to bring his corps north to reinforce Popes command.   Disliking the arrogant Pope, he openly complained about this assignment and criticized his new superior.   On August 28, Union and Confederate troops met in the opening phases of the Second Battle of Manassas.   Early the next day, Pope ordered Porter to move west to attack Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons right flank.   Obeying, he halted when his men encountered Confederate cavalry along their line of march.   A further series of contradictory orders from Pope further muddled the situation.   Having received intelligence that Confederates led by Major General James Longstreet were on his front, Porter elected not to move forward with the planned attack.   Though alerted to Longstreets approach that night, Pope misinterpreted the meaning of his arrival and again ordered Porter to launch an assault against Jackson the next morning.   Reluctantly complying, V Corps moved forward around noon.   Though they broke through the Confederate lines, intense counterattacks forced them back.   As Porters assault was failing, Longstreet opened a massive attack against V Corps left flank.   Shattering Porters lines, the Confederate effort rolled up Popes army and drove it from the field.   In the wake of the defeat, Pope accused Porter of insubordination and relieved him of his command on September 5. Fitz John Porter - Court-Martial: Quickly restored to his post by McClellan who assumed overall command following Popes defeat, Porter led V Corps north as Union troops moved to block Lees invasion of Maryland.   Present at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, Porters corps remained in reserve as McClellan was concerned about Confederate reinforcements.   Though V Corps could have played a decisive role at key points in the battle, Porters admonition to the cautious McClellan of Remember, General, I command the last reserve of the last Army of the Republic ensured that it remained idle.   Following Lees retreat south, McClellan remained in place in Maryland to the irritation of President Abraham Lincoln.   During this time, Pope, who had been exiled to Minnesota, maintained an ongoing correspondence with his political allies in which he scapegoated Porter for the defeat at Second Manassas.   On November 5, Lincoln removed McClellan from command which resulted in a loss of political protection for Porter.   Stripped of this cover, he was arrested on November 25 and charge with disobeying a lawful order and misbehavior in front of the enemy.   In a politically-driven court-martial, Porters connections to the relieved McClellan were exploited and he was found guilty of both charges on January 10, 1863.   Dismissed from the Union Army eleven days later, Porter immediately commenced efforts to clear his name. Fitz John Porter - Later Life: Despite Porters work, his attempts to secure a new hearing were repeatedly blocked by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton and officers who spoke in his support were punished.   Following the war, Porter sought and received aid from both Lee and Longstreet as well as later garnered support from Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, and George H. Thomas.   Finally, in 1878, President Rutherford B. Hayes directed Major General John Schofield to form a board to reexamine the case.   After extensively investigating the case, Schofield recommended that Porters name be cleared and stated that his actions on August 29, 1862 helped to save the army from a more severe defeat.   The final report also presented a scathing image of Pope as well as placed a large amount of the blame for the defeat on III Corps commander Major General Irvin McDowell.        Ã‚   Political wrangling prevented Porter from immediately being reinstated.   This would not occur until August 5, 1886 when an act of Congress restored him to his prewar rank of colonel.   Vindicated, he retired from the US Army two days later.   In the years after the Civil War, Porter was involved in a number of business interests and later served in New York City government as commissioners of public works, fire, and police.   Dying on May 21, 1901, Porter was buried in Brooklyns Green-Wood Cemetery. Selected Sources: Civil War Trust: Major General Fitz John PorterNPS: Major General Fitz John PorterCivil War: Major General Fitz John Porter

Free Essays on Should Condoms Be Passed Out In School

Everyone agrees that we need to educate young people about how to avoid STDs and teenage pregnancy. But people disagree about who should do the teaching and what method to use. Some people believe it's the parents’ responsibility to talk to their kids about sex and its consequences. Others believe that schools and community groups have a role and a responsibility to educate young people about STDs and teenage pregnancy. A number of people think that the best way to deal with STDs is to encourage young people not to have sex until they are married or at least until they are adults. They argue that this is the best approach because; it’s the only 100% effective way to prevent the consequences of sex. â€Å" You don’t get pregnant if you don’t have sex†. Giving out condoms will only make it harder for young people, especially girls, to say "no" to sex. Some believe it puts an inordinate amount of pressure on young people to be sexually active. I feel that the best way to stop the spread of STDs is to encourage teens to use condoms if they are sexually active; some people also favor distributing condoms in schools and community centers. They argue that this is the best approach because condoms have been proven to greatly reduce the risk of HIV transmission and STDs. Some parents say, â€Å"Why not give them condoms, they will have sex whether we know or not so I rather have them protected.† Condoms should be given out in schools at the school nurse’s office. Whether adults like it or not, some teens do have sex without their parents knowing. If they don't have access to condoms or don't know the importance of using them they risk getting pregnant, HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Do not misunderstand me; I’m an advocate for abstinence for anyone adult or teen who is not married. This method works well in an ideal world but as you may see this is not an ideal world we live in. The kids now grow up faster ... Free Essays on Should Condoms Be Passed Out In School Free Essays on Should Condoms Be Passed Out In School Everyone agrees that we need to educate young people about how to avoid STDs and teenage pregnancy. But people disagree about who should do the teaching and what method to use. Some people believe it's the parents’ responsibility to talk to their kids about sex and its consequences. Others believe that schools and community groups have a role and a responsibility to educate young people about STDs and teenage pregnancy. A number of people think that the best way to deal with STDs is to encourage young people not to have sex until they are married or at least until they are adults. They argue that this is the best approach because; it’s the only 100% effective way to prevent the consequences of sex. â€Å" You don’t get pregnant if you don’t have sex†. Giving out condoms will only make it harder for young people, especially girls, to say "no" to sex. Some believe it puts an inordinate amount of pressure on young people to be sexually active. I feel that the best way to stop the spread of STDs is to encourage teens to use condoms if they are sexually active; some people also favor distributing condoms in schools and community centers. They argue that this is the best approach because condoms have been proven to greatly reduce the risk of HIV transmission and STDs. Some parents say, â€Å"Why not give them condoms, they will have sex whether we know or not so I rather have them protected.† Condoms should be given out in schools at the school nurse’s office. Whether adults like it or not, some teens do have sex without their parents knowing. If they don't have access to condoms or don't know the importance of using them they risk getting pregnant, HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Do not misunderstand me; I’m an advocate for abstinence for anyone adult or teen who is not married. This method works well in an ideal world but as you may see this is not an ideal world we live in. The kids now grow up faster ...

Business and Corporate Level Strategies for Honda Motors Company Assignment - 4

Business and Corporate Level Strategies for Honda Motors Company - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that Honda started looking for new markets outside of Japan only a few years after it was founded. The founder believed that the company should always maintain an international viewpoint, looking at the rest of the world as the potential market base and factory footprint. As such, Honda, unlike its competitors, looks to localize rather than globalizing. This means that it allows its subsidiaries all over the globe to function as autonomous companies that design and produce vehicles and motorcycles according to local conditions and consumer needs. Honda is not a top-down organization that is controlled by the headquarters. Honda combines engineering, design, and manufacturing in each large company in the countries with its subsidiaries whereas other companies tend to keep research and design close to home where they are managed by executives who do not understand local circumstances and preferences. Honda has embraced the idea of paradox as a means of promoting critical thinking and re-assessing common wisdom and to shape new responses to ingrained expectations. The company prides itself on a knowledge-rich organization and putting the demand on its workers at all levels to engage in strategic thinking which is crucial towards its success. Honda holds the daily meeting with the employees, Waigaya, as the meetings are referred as to where decisions either large or small are re-evaluated and re-assessed to find the best tactical solutions to challenges both present and imminent. Honda, unlike other companies, does not rely on using robots and alternative automation as a means of retaining productivity and minimizing costs. The company only engages robots in areas that are considered dangerous and unsafe for human beings. The presence of machines de-motivates the workers and therefore disengages their enthusiasm for the job. Innovation according to Honda also is reduced when robots and machines are engaged rather than human involvement. That level of technology is set to a limit that the machines can achieve as compared to human creativity that is not limited like that of the machines. This is a good enough reason to appreciate that the capability of the mind of humans supersedes that of the machines, especially in creativity and improvement.

David Coles Interview with Dr. Franciszek Piper Essay

David Coles Interview with Dr. Franciszek Piper - Essay Example However, I feel that when you carry out research like how Cole did you need to be authentic yourself before other people can acknowledge the seriousness of your study. Cole had disguised himself as a Jew, even though he didn’t believe in the Jews. I understand why he did it. Instead he could have approached the research by identifying himself as someone who is truly interested in the holocaust history. He pretended to be a righteous Jew because he has assumed the official will not give accurate information. This they did anyways. Furthermore, his discovery of the gas chambers and their actual function as disinfestation chambers came about through detailed evaluation of the sites instead of from people he interviewed. There is no reason to disguise. As far as the evidence he got from his research that the gas chambers during the World War 2 had been actually disinfestation chambers. Cremation and gassing infrequency show that the myth of millions of Jews died during the War had been false. I agree that most of the evidence do not collaborate with the so called history presented by Jews to the world. Coles evidence indicates that there is a need to re-evaluate the holocaust

Therapeutic Approaches Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Therapeutic Approaches Paper - Assignment Example The therapeutic relationship was established so as to create a means by which the health professions and the respective patient come get into a one on one conversation so as to archive effective beneficial changes to the respective patient (Bowie 1996). Therapeutic approach communications are mostly applicable in mental health centers and it is conducted by mental professionals who have a common purpose of solving emotional conflicts that that happen through the mind of the respective patients. Therapeutic relationship assurers the patients at hand of enough security in the information they give to the healthcare professionals. This enhances them to open up and give the accurate information about what is making them to have the emotional conflicts and thus getting the appropriate treatment. Therapeutic relationship was established after some major researches were conducted and it was scientifically proved that it really aided the health care professionals to foresee the appropriate d iagnosis and treatment that the patient required to cure the particular disease that he or she was suffering from (Gel so 1998). Rogers developed a therapeutic relationship model that was aimed at providing the respective patients with a chance of them understanding how their particular attitudes and feelings are being affected by their emotional conflicts and the appropriate treatment required to solve these problems is that the patients should achieve their full positive potential. Rogers discovered a number of conditions that that was essential to enhance effective changes to the client's personality. Some of these conditions include genuine of both the heath care therapist and the respective patient, professionalism of the health care therapist in his work, the patient openness to the healthcare therapist and many others. Rogers was focused on developing a therapeutic relationship model that will ensure that both the patients and the health care therapist were both involved in s olving the patient’s emotional conflicts (Gel so 1998). A health care professional is one who is able to put himself or herself in the shoes of the respective patient that they are attending and avoid any circumstances of being judgmental. The health care professionals should have a sympathetic and empathetic attitude towards their particular patients and this will enhance them to get familiar with the personality, feelings and so many other factors that relate to their patients. The health care professionals who conduct the therapeutic relationship posse’s very good communication skills which one of them is listening. An effective communication process occurs between two individuals. It is a two process and hence the two involved parties should give each other time to speak and listen (Forchuk, Westwel, and Hux 2000). The therapeutic health care professional has understood this communication skill and they are employing it professionally their day to day work. Every i ndividual desires to be heard as they speak in all circumstances and if by any chance the therapeutic health care professionals lack this special communicating skill then they end up not meeting the expectations of their patients (Steve 2000). Effective therapeutic communication also involves use nonverbal communication such

Diagnosing The Change Essay Example for Free

Diagnosing The Change Essay Diagnostic models provide us with the tools to analyze the functioning of organizations. A variety of methods have been employed to ascertain the factors affecting the functioning of an organization; some looked at the internal factors, some at the external factors and some others a combination of these perspectives. No one model is â€Å"the truth,† but each offers its user the opportunity to view the operation of an organization from a particular perspective. (Ian Palmer) Burke-Litwin Model drivers of change: This model was chosen because it presents the outline of the external and internal factors that affects the organization, and its inherent changes in a balanced form. The model offers distinction between the transformational and transactional changes of the organization. This involves the responses of the organization towards the environmental changes. Transactional changes are those that mostly entail the qualities like the structure, the system, individual’s needs and values along with the individuals’ tasks and skills. However, the transformational change largely covers the changes with respect to the variations of the external environment in terms of organizational mission and strategy. â€Å"The four transformational factors are external environment, mission and strategy, leadership, and organizational culture.† (Ian Palmer) The following are some of the key points of this change model: External Factor: This factor embraces the markets, competition, legislation and economy. Both companies show evidence that they are adept at scanning their environment, a factor that enables them to plan and predict the recurrent changes that affect their organizations. Apple, at its best, has shattered the consumer electronics world and in the process has left competitors reeling, and it regained its lost market share and making its shareholders wealthy.

Recommendations to Change Public Health Priorities

Recommendations to Change Public Health Priorities Changing Public Health Priorities Team Members: Jingxiang Chen Xinyu (Frank) Chen Charles (Chuck) McCall Lisa Smeester Caroline Tapscott Chloe Welch Changing Public Health Priorities: Implementing Socioeconomic Determinants of Health to drive Policy Action The medicalization of public health systems receives the bulk of funding yet socio-economic determinants of health play an equal, if not increased, role in determining population health. How public health agencies use funding to provide public health services is a huge concern not only for every public health practitioner but also for every citizen. The Trust for America’s Health (TFAH) 2013 report provides an overview to the recent expenditures of the states’ public health services funding, examining the advantages and disadvantages on such expenditures. The TFAH report gives an overview of how the health services expenditures of both federal and state are distributed (latitudinal direction) and how these amounts changed in the recent years (longitudinal direction). The major findings include both federal and state funding has been cut to inadequate levels in recent years, and there is wide variation in health statistics by state. For example, the amount of federal funding spent to prevent disease and improve health in communities ranged significantly from state to state, with a per capita low of $13.72 in Indiana to a high of $53.07 in Alaska. It is now considered more and more important to create a disease prevention mechanism, for example, the new Prevention and Public Health Fund provides $12.5 billion in mandatory appropriations over 10 years to local communities to improve health and reduce illness rates, which included Community Transformation Grants (CTGs) to allow local communities to tackle their most serious problems, incl uding obesity and tobacco, using evidence-based prevention programs tied to strict performance measures. Much research has been done by local public health agencies revealing the change of expenditures of funds on medical services in recent years. Massachusetts is a prime example, HPC (Health Policy Commission) 2013 and AGO (Office of Attorney General) 2013 showed that high health care costs are driven primarily by provider prices, which vary significantly among providers within individual payer networks as well as across the commercial market overall and there is evidence even showing such increment of price is not predicted by quality of care. Also in CHIA (Center for Health Information and Analysis) 2013 and AGO 2013, the authors argued that market leverage of providers influences health care costs in a cyclical process by determining provider prices, payments, and patient volume. Because of this, policy makers have drawn attention to the trend of provider consolidation and its potential impact on market leverage and health care costs. A shift away from â€Å"Medicalization†: Prioritization of Key Socioeconomic Determinants of Health There are many socio-economic determinants of health, some of which are being addressed and some which could use increased advocacy. Overall, the U.S. performs well in having policies that ensure an equitable right to work for all racial and ethnic groups, regardless of gender, age or disability (Heymann 2004). The U.S. is also one of 117 countries guaranteeing a pay premium for overtime work. However, the U.S. lags behind many other countries in addressing socio-economic gradients of health. For example, the U.S. guarantees neither paid leave for mothers nor paid paternity for fathers in any segment of the work force; moreover, the U.S. does not guarantee the right to breastfeed, even though breastfeeding is proven to reduce infant mortality. The U.S. also lacks a maximum length of the work week, a limit on mandatory overtime per week, and provides only unpaid leave for serious illnesses and family care through the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA), which does not cover all workers. In order to address health disparities caused by modifiable socioeconomic determinants of health, we prioritize three key issues needing advocacy in the health policy arena: mandatory paid sick leave, minimum (aka â€Å"living†) wage laws, and access to cost effective nutritious foods. Health Impact Assessments: Facilitating an Evidence-based Shift in Public Health Policy In order to change public health priorities there needs to be a political will to act; this is not always the case when dealing with socioeconomic determinants of health as they are often complex, multi-faceted issues whose outcomes may take a lifetime to track (Kelly 2007). Because health policy making can be a rapid action environment driven by competition for usually scarce resources coupled with pressure from the public, there is a need for evidence-based, sustainable strategies. Health impact assessments (HIA) can facilitate the shift to public health policy to help develop a comprehensive action plan addressing social determinants of health. These assessments provide an overarching analysis of the issue in political, social, and community contexts, examines cost/benefits analysis, and lays out options for action. For example, HIAs addressing our three key socioeconomic determinants of health found: Sick leave: Staying at home when infected could reduce by 15–34% the proportion of people impacted by pandemic influenza (HIP 2009). Without preventative strategies, more than 55,000 people in the state could die in a serious pandemic flu outbreak. Minimum wage: A living wage was estimated to result in decreases risk of premature death by 5% for adults and for offspring, a 34% increased odds of high school completion, and a 22% decrease in the risk of early childbirth (Bhatia and Katz 2001). Without a living wage, workers have increased adverse health outcomes contributing to health care burden and are less sell-sufficient requiring public assistance. . Access to healthy food options: Access to affordable, healthy foods help citizens of low income communities to consume a healthful diet and maintain a healthy weight, reducing their risks of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and cancer (PPS). Without access to fresh produce in low-income communities, reduction of nutrition-related heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and cancer will not be adequately addressed. Health impact assessments are a tangible, actionable tool to assist policy makers in shifting their public health policy focus to address socioeconomic determinants of health a top priority. American Public Health Association Public Health ACTion: Advocacy for an Increased Emphasis on Socioeconomic Determinants of Health The American Public Health Association (APHA) enacted the Public Health ACTion campaign (PHACT) in order to generate advocacy groups and actions to reach out and communicate directly with Congress and government officials about public health issues in order to make a difference. The PHACT campaign action kit is designed to be a starting block for anyone who wishes to either make a difference themselves or organize a group to do so together. The thinking is that the more people who commit to these actions and reach out toward members of Congress, the more positive change we may see. The action kit starts out with a timeline for 2014 corresponding to important congressional dates and what actions can be taken at each step of the way. This is a great way to get an overall picture of this year’s campaign and organize what actions need to be accomplished and when. The campaign takes place mostly in the summer and the plan outlines the three areas of focus for 2014: protecting public health funding, protecting public health funding under the ACA, and stopping gun violence. The fact sheet details the reasons why these areas were chosen and goes into what actions correspond to each area of focus. A ten-minute long phone script is provided after each focus so that a single advocate can call Congress to share these issues. Lastly, the campaign action kit outlines various other ways of taking action. These include getting a group of a few people and organizing a meeting with members of Congress to deliver a target message and discuss these issues. Using social media, letters to the editor or an op-ed to deliver messages are also discussed. This action kit provides a well-rounded approach to presenting target public health issues to Congress and to the public so that our voices can be heard. References Bhatia, R., Katz, M. (2001). Estimation of Health Benefits From a Local Living Wage Ordinance. American Journal of Public Health, 1398-1402 Center for Health Information and Analysis. Annual Report on the Massachusetts Health Care Fries JF,Koop CE,Beadle CE,Cooper PP,England MJ,Greaves RF,Sokolov JJ, andWright D., Reducing health care costs by reducing the need and demand for medical services. The Health Project Consortium. N Engl J Med.1993 Jul 29;329(5):321-5. Health Policy Commission. 2013 Cost Trends Report (2013). Available at http://www.mass.gov/anf/docs/hpc/2013-cost-trends-report-final.pdf. Retrieved on March 11, 2014. Heymann, Jody, Jeffrey Heyes, and Alison Earle.The Work, Family, and Equity Index: How Does the United States Measure Up?. McGill University, Institute for Health and Social Policy, 2008. Human Impact Partners (HIP). (2009). A Health Impact Assessment of The Healthy Families Act of 2009 summary of findings. Retrieved from http://www.humanimpact.org/projects/hia-case-stories/paid-sick-days-hias/ Kelly, M.P., et al. The social determinants of health: Developing an evidence base for political action (2007). World Health Organization, Geneva. Market (August 2013). Available at http://www.mass.gov/chia/docs/r/pubs/13/ar-ma-health-caremarket-2013.pdf. Retrieved on March 11, 2014. Office of Attorney General Martha Coakley. Examination of Health Care Cost Trends and Cost Drivers – Report for Annual Public Hearing (April 2013). Available at http://www.mass.gov/ago/docs/healthcare/2013-hcctd.pdf. Retrieved on March 11, 2014. Project for Public Spaces (PPS). Farmers Markets as a Strategy to Improve Access to Healthy Food for Low-Income Families and Communities. Available at http://www.pps.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/RWJF-Report.pdf Trust for America’s Health. Investing In America’s Health: A State-by-State Look at Public Health Funding and Key Health Facts. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. April 2013 Extra Credit: Blog letter http://pubhealthinfo.tumblr.com Most people associate public health with health care and medical professions. But public health is a much broader field than that, spanning multiple disciplines. So shouldn’t public health policy reflect this? Much of public health policy is aimed at increasing access to health care for certain populations, providing health screenings, or other medicalized solutions. While these solutions are helpful, perhaps the public would be better served by combing them with policies that target social, economic, or environmental causes that contribute to the health gap that exists in today’s population. The WHO defines social determinants of health as â€Å"the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age.† Social determinants of health are influenced by the distribution of wealth, power, and resources and lead to health inequalities between subgroups in a given population. If we want to decrease health inequalities, we need to shift the priorities of public health policies. You might be wondering how you can affect this kind of change. The key is to be vocal, which you can do in several ways. First, and perhaps most simply, you can use social media to get others informed and involved in shifting public health priorities. Like, comment on, or reblog public health blogs that advocate for the adoption of social determinants of health into health policies. Second, you can write op-ed articles, call in to local radio stations, or write letters to the editor to raise the awareness of the importance of social determinants of health and health inequalities. Third, you can send letters to your legislators. There are multiple sites that provide form letters, such as this site, or you can write your own letter. Here is a good reference for actions you can take to reach out to your legislators. Here are some other sites you might find interesting and useful in learning about the importance of social determinants of health and how to influence change in public health priorities: UnnaturalCauses.org Policy guide UnnaturalCauses.org Planning for Media Advocacy WHO How can we get the social determinants of health message on the public policy and public health agenda?†

Ebonics :: essays research papers

Ebonics, which stands for Ebony + Phonics is a new term that Linguistics use to describe Black Dialect or Black English or many of the other names that it has been given for more that 350 years.. has been in the news recently but it is definitely not a new topic. Ebonics is a "language" that is a combination of "proper English" and a combination of African languages. Because of this combination a pattern was formed on how certain words are said such as this and that, would be pronounced dis and dat. In all words the "Th." sound sounded like a "D". There was also another pattern formed such as, no tense indicated in the verb, no "r" sound and no consonant pairs. These are just some of the many patterns that were created when Africans were forced to learn the English language.History states that around 1619, during the slave trade, ships collected slaves not just from one nation but from many nations. Although they were all Africans certain areas spoke different languages. Some Africans spoke Ibo, Yoruba and Hausa. They were then separated from each other and had to travel with people whom the could not understand. Captain William Smith wrote:...There will be no more likelihood of their succeeding in a plot...The slaves then had to learn English so that they could have some form of communication with their masters. Their native language and English would be combined and they would speak African-English pidgin. As the slaves began to learn how to communicate with each other, their words would merge into one common word that they could all understand. This is one of the ways that the language became mixed with English.When the African slaves had children they talked to them in African English pidgin. The slaves taught the children both languages so that they could communicate with the slaveowners and to other slaves. As each generation went on the Africans began to speak better English but there were still word that were never spoken correctly or said in proper form.In Georgia and other southern states there were blacks who were not brought from Africa and quite a few knew how to speak standard English. Around 1858 over 400 slave from Africa were brought straight to Georgia and none of them knew a word of English.(Smitherman) Being that these two groups merged together they adapted each others language whether it was correct or incorrectOn the east coast of America, the Blacks spoke a different degree of

The Significance of the Manner in Which Ophelia Dies

There on the pendant boughs her coronet weeds/ Clambering to hang, an envious sliver broke,] When down her weedy trophies and herself/ Fell in the weeping brook. Her clothes spread wide,] And mermaid-like awhile they bore her up†¦ (line 197-201 , Act 4, Scene 7). Shakespeare, by â€Å"letting† Aphelia drowns herself, to some extents alleviates the pain of death and pictures a beautiful Aphelia drowned In water with her beauty minded and preserved.By comparing Aphelia to a mermaid-like figure, Shakespeare gives unreal characteristics to her death and makes it smoother for Aphelia, whose life has been tragic enough. The fact that Aphelia was suffocated under her own dress and that her feminine clothes made her impossible to swim is a metaphor of women's helplessness at the time being – Aphelia dies without any self- defense or mobility. Shakespeare implies the role of women in society and how being a woman gives Aphelia no chance to react even in death.At the same ti me, Aphelia peps singing: Which time she chanted snatches of old lauds/ As one incapable of her own distress/ Or Like a creature native and endued/ Unto that element. (line 202-205, Act 4, Scene 7). Her chanting reminds audience of her madness In Scene 5 and 6, In which she sings songs about men and death. Audience may Identify Aphelion's chanting as a trace of madness, but also her singing on the verge of death portrays a passive let-go of Life – Aphelia clearly has no Intention of fighting back or even crying out for help. Compared to Aphelion's conversations with Polonium andHamlet throughout the play, it is clear that Aphelia never has any voice or reaction to the events of her life – her madness, her destiny and even her death are caused and retold by others. For several times throughout the play Aphelia is pictured with flowers. At the end of Act 4, Scene 7, her death is again associated with symbolic floral images: Therewith fantastic garlands did she make/ Of c ornflowers, nettles, daisies, and long purples/ That liberal shepherds give a grosser name/ But our cold maids do â€Å"dead men's fingers† call them. Nine 193-196, Act 4, Scene 7). Flowers are symbols of Aphelion's tragic life, being a victim of disruptive events mostly caused by men. Cornflower symbolizes a dream of lover, portraying a dying Aphelia still thinking about Hamlet and his love[l]. Nettles signify her bad luck and tragic destiny; while daisies represent innocent love[2]. The long purples represent Aphelion's loss in love Wendell at ten same time audience can assume Tanat â€Å"a grosser name† raters to sexuality[3].By calling long purples â€Å"dead men's fingers†, Shakespeare implies the causes of Aphelion's death as her life is destined by men (Hamlet, Polonium and Alerts); reminding audience of the song which she sings earlier: Larded all with sweet flowers/ Which between to the ground did not go/ With true-love showers. (line 43-45, Act 4, Scen e 5). By associating Aphelion's figure with the presence of flowers, Shakespeare also lets audience know about women's beauty and fragility as that of flowers: although women are romantic and pretty outside, they are truly somber and vulnerable indeed.

Literature analysis and assessment in information technology The WritePass Journal

Literature analysis and assessment in information technology INTRODUCTION Literature analysis and assessment in information technology INTRODUCTIONLiterature ReviewCritical evaluation of research papersEvaluation and Comparison of research papers2ND RESEARCH PAPER3RD RESEARCH PAPERC0NCLUSIONREFERENCES:Related INTRODUCTION It is the Information technologies that allow corporations toward get hold of, development accumulate as well as switch over in sequence. Additionally, inside an acquaintance organization circumstance, information knowledge is able to sustain alteration surrounded by furthermore flanked by implicit plus explicit information. On the other hand, the companies of neither information knowledge neither guarantee acquaintance formation, facts sharing nor information make use of. (Crossan, Nicolini, 2000). The mainly imperative article be not to company be capable of build up acquaintance (standing hub), other than to they be talented toward study incessantly through generating novel information which they transport as well as be relevant (self-motivated center). Information expertise reimbursement is apparent within cogent trade environment. But the course of job, as well as populace, farm duties as well as utensils, be capable of predefined, mechanization through information expertise possibly will be the finest selection. Fielder, Grover, and Teng dispute so as to conventionally, the conventional advance on behalf of be appropriate information equipment be from beginning to end the mechanization of accessible process inside the limitations of conventional practical structure, base on the supposition with the aim of the novel process design be acceptable. Literature Review The technical rebellions so as to have been determining market have brought additional change within organization practice than inside a few other preceding eras. Manager has seen to facilitate information is the foundation of authority as well as to this information be generally dispersed approximately the corporation. Within of this significance, refusal hypothesis or else replica of managerial knowledge is extensively established .The assortment have contribute in the direction of the swift shift taking place of the ground in humanizing the synchronized development of dedicated area of query with the intention of examine diverse aspect of managerial erudition as well as knowledge administration (Argote, McEvily, Reagans, 2003). Even though information management might be unstated like the procedure of detain a firm’s facts also with it toward promote modernization from side to side a twisting of managerial education the difference among information management as well as or ganizational erudition be not wholly palpable. furthermore, present is a increasing acknowledgment so as to the two community split like fundamental concept as well as troubles, still although they might at rest exist with to some extent dissimilar verbal communication toward articulate these issue (Easterby-Smith, Crossan, Nicolini, 2000). Organizational learning procedures imply the expansion of insight, information, along with relations among past proceedings, the efficiency of those events, as well as prospect proceedings. Huber explains the organizational knowledge since an alteration inside the assortment of an organization’s prospective behaviors. Therefore, organizational education is the expansion of new-fangled information plus insight so as to have the possible toward pressure an organization’s performance (Schulz, 2001). Critical evaluation of research papers Organizational erudition surrounded by the association allow the gaining, allocation, construal as well as storage space of innovative facts so as to permit the society headed for be aware of along with bowdlerize novel information system   while toward their ultimate utilize headed for the association (Harrington Guimaraes, 2005).   Information gaining is clear the same as the procedure inside which acquaintance is acquire. Information allocation is the procedure through which information is communal. Information understandings involve attempt in the direction of build up single or else further frequent interpretation of disseminated consciousness. Managerial recollection is distinct as facts that are store on behalf of bring into play. Inside an acquaintance administration circumstance, information knowledge reimbursement is vastly prejudiced through the survival of a suitable environment in the direction of allocate as well as a human direction (Choi Lee, 2003). Within the employees’ promise toward information formation process (Cross Baird, 2000). Accordingly, a development surrounded by which information features significantly be essential.   Internal setting therefore at the same time as in the direction of enhance the learning system performance in addition give confidence the formulate make use of of of sure gear be hypothetical to be expectant. In spite of the unforeseen figure of failure of information organization, present be a number of evidence of its optimistic authority taking place organizational presentation. Various experiential effort have be completed ( Choi Lee, 2003; Gold, Malhotra, Segars, 2001; Lee Choi, 2003) except nearby tranquil a be short of   empirical confirmation mainly within small business conventionally, information management investigate have been address toward huge businesses. On the other hand, diminutive business is probable toward information producer. Their natural arrangement as well as civilization might promote information innovation. Though, their structural skin plus capital scarcity might obstruct toward get hold of sustainable spirited benefit as of these innovation (Levy, Loebbecke, Powell, 2003). Evaluation and Comparison of research papers The most important complicatedness during attainment a helpful meaning is toward differentiates the penalty of organizational learning as of the knowledge development (Robey, Boudreau, Rose, 2000).   Research is on knowledge within organization, which is unstated on the road to acquire rest within organization, during the intellect of a commotion or else a procedure. Organizational learning inside learning because a self-motivated development of acquaintance formation generate on the compassion of the association by means of its persons as well as group, heading for on the cohort as well as expansion of characteristic competencies so as to facilitate the association in the direction of get better its presentation in addition to consequences. The input individuality of this description deserves consideration. Foremost, it is managerial progressions with the intention of strength happen at character, collection as well as managerial level. Following, it is seen since an income on th e way to expand competencies so as to be appreciated through clientele, be hard toward reproduce, plus for this reason make a payment toward aggressive benefit (Crossan Berdrow, 2003). In conclusion, present is an important association flanked by organizational learning in addition to compact presentation (Tippins Sohi, 2003). 2ND RESEARCH PAPER In view of the dissimilarity among information knowledge as well as information scheme, information expertise be able to exist conceive since the communications toward information administration (Chou, 2003), or else an information podium (Tiwana, 2002). Various author, like Choi as well as Lee (2003) also Gold et al. (2001), by means of a comparable direction information expertise like an enabler of acquaintance organization. The position of information know-how be en route for expand human facility of awareness manufacture from side to side the momentum, reminiscence conservatory furthermore statement amenities of knowledge (Baroni Arau ´ Jo, 2001). Several of the expertises so as to support the organization of information contain be approximately in favor of an extended instance. An investigation of scientific tackle is able to be establishing inside Tyndale (2002). A difference be completed flanked by information equipment base resting on tackle rented from additional discipline so as to have enter keen on information organization ground, as well as information equipment base lying on utensils to intended as acquaintance organization utensils on or after their inauguration. 3RD RESEARCH PAPER E-business system be definite like some profitable or else information substitute so as to an association make accessible in excess of a system (Moodley, 2003), as well as are commonly base taking place network technology (Amit Zott, 2001). Essentially, e-business is on conduct commerce automatically above the Internet. This might comprise behavior like statement, marketing, also alliance (Plessis Boon, 2004). The enlargements of e-business have showing numerous opportunities (Mehrtens, Cragg, Mills, 2001); inside circumstances of their attitude toward converse also team up by means of associates all along their worth sequence (Offodile Abdel-Malek, 2002) through the web. Such prospect typically engage information scheme for the completion issue (Levy Powell, 2000). C0NCLUSION The association among organizational knowledge also information expertise have been analyze through related stream (Robey et al., 2000). Some researchers have analyzed managerial knowledge like of clearing up with resolve the troubles of implement also with innovative information technology in organization. Taking place, the function of information expertise have be alert scheduled toward sustain the process of managerial erudition (Lin Lee, 2005). REFERENCES: Real., C.J. Leal., L. and Rolda .2006. Information technology as a determinant of organizational learning and technological distinctive competencies, Industrial Marketing Management, 35, pp.505 – 521. Mercader., J.Cerdan., J and     Sabater-Sa ´ nchez. 2006. Information technology and learning: Their relationship and impact on organizational performance in small businesses, International Journal of Information Management, 26, pp. 16–29. Navarroa., C.J. and Conesa., D .2007. Implementing e-business through organizational learning: An empirical investigation in SMEs, International Journal of Information Management, 27, pp. 173–186. Santhanam., R and   Hartono., E. (2003). Issues in linking information technology capability to firm performance. MIS Quarterly, 27(2), pp.125– 153. McGee., J. E and   Peterson., M. (2000). Towards the development of measures of distinctive competencies among small independent retailers. Journal of Small Business Management, 38(2), pp.19– 33. Melville., N. Kraemer, K and   Gurbaxani, V. (2004). Information technology and organizational performance: An integrative model of IT business value. MIS Quarterly, 28(2), pp. 283–322. Meso., P and Smith, R. (2000). A resource-based view of organizational knowledge management systems. Journal of Knowledge Management, 4(3), pp.224– 234. Teo., T. S. H and Ranganathan., C. (2003). Leveraging IT resources and, capabilities at the housing and development board. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 12(3), pp. 229– 249. Tippins., M. J and   Sohi., R. S. (2003). IT competency and firm performance: Is organizational learning a missing link? Strategic Management Journal, 24(8), pp.745– 761. Ruiz-Mercader., J., MeronËÅ" o-Cerdan., A. L and   Sabater-Sanchez., R. (2006). Information technology and learning: Their relationship and impact on organizational performance in small businesses. International Journal of Information Management, 26(1), pp.16–29 Schlegelmilch., B. B and   Penz., E. (2002). Knowledge management in marketing. Marketing Review, 3, pp. 5–19 Su., C. T., Chen, Y. C and   Sha., D. Y. (2006). Linking innovative product development with customer knowledge: A data mining approach. Technovation, 26, pp.784–795.