Therapeutic Approaches Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Therapeutic Approaches Paper - Assignment Example The therapeutic relationship was established so as to create a means by which the health professions and the respective patient come get into a one on one conversation so as to archive effective beneficial changes to the respective patient (Bowie 1996). Therapeutic approach communications are mostly applicable in mental health centers and it is conducted by mental professionals who have a common purpose of solving emotional conflicts that that happen through the mind of the respective patients. Therapeutic relationship assurers the patients at hand of enough security in the information they give to the healthcare professionals. This enhances them to open up and give the accurate information about what is making them to have the emotional conflicts and thus getting the appropriate treatment. Therapeutic relationship was established after some major researches were conducted and it was scientifically proved that it really aided the health care professionals to foresee the appropriate d iagnosis and treatment that the patient required to cure the particular disease that he or she was suffering from (Gel so 1998). Rogers developed a therapeutic relationship model that was aimed at providing the respective patients with a chance of them understanding how their particular attitudes and feelings are being affected by their emotional conflicts and the appropriate treatment required to solve these problems is that the patients should achieve their full positive potential. Rogers discovered a number of conditions that that was essential to enhance effective changes to the client's personality. Some of these conditions include genuine of both the heath care therapist and the respective patient, professionalism of the health care therapist in his work, the patient openness to the healthcare therapist and many others. Rogers was focused on developing a therapeutic relationship model that will ensure that both the patients and the health care therapist were both involved in s olving the patient’s emotional conflicts (Gel so 1998). A health care professional is one who is able to put himself or herself in the shoes of the respective patient that they are attending and avoid any circumstances of being judgmental. The health care professionals should have a sympathetic and empathetic attitude towards their particular patients and this will enhance them to get familiar with the personality, feelings and so many other factors that relate to their patients. The health care professionals who conduct the therapeutic relationship posse’s very good communication skills which one of them is listening. An effective communication process occurs between two individuals. It is a two process and hence the two involved parties should give each other time to speak and listen (Forchuk, Westwel, and Hux 2000). The therapeutic health care professional has understood this communication skill and they are employing it professionally their day to day work. Every i ndividual desires to be heard as they speak in all circumstances and if by any chance the therapeutic health care professionals lack this special communicating skill then they end up not meeting the expectations of their patients (Steve 2000). Effective therapeutic communication also involves use nonverbal communication such

Diagnosing The Change Essay Example for Free

Diagnosing The Change Essay Diagnostic models provide us with the tools to analyze the functioning of organizations. A variety of methods have been employed to ascertain the factors affecting the functioning of an organization; some looked at the internal factors, some at the external factors and some others a combination of these perspectives. No one model is â€Å"the truth,† but each offers its user the opportunity to view the operation of an organization from a particular perspective. (Ian Palmer) Burke-Litwin Model drivers of change: This model was chosen because it presents the outline of the external and internal factors that affects the organization, and its inherent changes in a balanced form. The model offers distinction between the transformational and transactional changes of the organization. This involves the responses of the organization towards the environmental changes. Transactional changes are those that mostly entail the qualities like the structure, the system, individual’s needs and values along with the individuals’ tasks and skills. However, the transformational change largely covers the changes with respect to the variations of the external environment in terms of organizational mission and strategy. â€Å"The four transformational factors are external environment, mission and strategy, leadership, and organizational culture.† (Ian Palmer) The following are some of the key points of this change model: External Factor: This factor embraces the markets, competition, legislation and economy. Both companies show evidence that they are adept at scanning their environment, a factor that enables them to plan and predict the recurrent changes that affect their organizations. Apple, at its best, has shattered the consumer electronics world and in the process has left competitors reeling, and it regained its lost market share and making its shareholders wealthy.

Recommendations to Change Public Health Priorities

Recommendations to Change Public Health Priorities Changing Public Health Priorities Team Members: Jingxiang Chen Xinyu (Frank) Chen Charles (Chuck) McCall Lisa Smeester Caroline Tapscott Chloe Welch Changing Public Health Priorities: Implementing Socioeconomic Determinants of Health to drive Policy Action The medicalization of public health systems receives the bulk of funding yet socio-economic determinants of health play an equal, if not increased, role in determining population health. How public health agencies use funding to provide public health services is a huge concern not only for every public health practitioner but also for every citizen. The Trust for America’s Health (TFAH) 2013 report provides an overview to the recent expenditures of the states’ public health services funding, examining the advantages and disadvantages on such expenditures. The TFAH report gives an overview of how the health services expenditures of both federal and state are distributed (latitudinal direction) and how these amounts changed in the recent years (longitudinal direction). The major findings include both federal and state funding has been cut to inadequate levels in recent years, and there is wide variation in health statistics by state. For example, the amount of federal funding spent to prevent disease and improve health in communities ranged significantly from state to state, with a per capita low of $13.72 in Indiana to a high of $53.07 in Alaska. It is now considered more and more important to create a disease prevention mechanism, for example, the new Prevention and Public Health Fund provides $12.5 billion in mandatory appropriations over 10 years to local communities to improve health and reduce illness rates, which included Community Transformation Grants (CTGs) to allow local communities to tackle their most serious problems, incl uding obesity and tobacco, using evidence-based prevention programs tied to strict performance measures. Much research has been done by local public health agencies revealing the change of expenditures of funds on medical services in recent years. Massachusetts is a prime example, HPC (Health Policy Commission) 2013 and AGO (Office of Attorney General) 2013 showed that high health care costs are driven primarily by provider prices, which vary significantly among providers within individual payer networks as well as across the commercial market overall and there is evidence even showing such increment of price is not predicted by quality of care. Also in CHIA (Center for Health Information and Analysis) 2013 and AGO 2013, the authors argued that market leverage of providers influences health care costs in a cyclical process by determining provider prices, payments, and patient volume. Because of this, policy makers have drawn attention to the trend of provider consolidation and its potential impact on market leverage and health care costs. A shift away from â€Å"Medicalization†: Prioritization of Key Socioeconomic Determinants of Health There are many socio-economic determinants of health, some of which are being addressed and some which could use increased advocacy. Overall, the U.S. performs well in having policies that ensure an equitable right to work for all racial and ethnic groups, regardless of gender, age or disability (Heymann 2004). The U.S. is also one of 117 countries guaranteeing a pay premium for overtime work. However, the U.S. lags behind many other countries in addressing socio-economic gradients of health. For example, the U.S. guarantees neither paid leave for mothers nor paid paternity for fathers in any segment of the work force; moreover, the U.S. does not guarantee the right to breastfeed, even though breastfeeding is proven to reduce infant mortality. The U.S. also lacks a maximum length of the work week, a limit on mandatory overtime per week, and provides only unpaid leave for serious illnesses and family care through the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA), which does not cover all workers. In order to address health disparities caused by modifiable socioeconomic determinants of health, we prioritize three key issues needing advocacy in the health policy arena: mandatory paid sick leave, minimum (aka â€Å"living†) wage laws, and access to cost effective nutritious foods. Health Impact Assessments: Facilitating an Evidence-based Shift in Public Health Policy In order to change public health priorities there needs to be a political will to act; this is not always the case when dealing with socioeconomic determinants of health as they are often complex, multi-faceted issues whose outcomes may take a lifetime to track (Kelly 2007). Because health policy making can be a rapid action environment driven by competition for usually scarce resources coupled with pressure from the public, there is a need for evidence-based, sustainable strategies. Health impact assessments (HIA) can facilitate the shift to public health policy to help develop a comprehensive action plan addressing social determinants of health. These assessments provide an overarching analysis of the issue in political, social, and community contexts, examines cost/benefits analysis, and lays out options for action. For example, HIAs addressing our three key socioeconomic determinants of health found: Sick leave: Staying at home when infected could reduce by 15–34% the proportion of people impacted by pandemic influenza (HIP 2009). Without preventative strategies, more than 55,000 people in the state could die in a serious pandemic flu outbreak. Minimum wage: A living wage was estimated to result in decreases risk of premature death by 5% for adults and for offspring, a 34% increased odds of high school completion, and a 22% decrease in the risk of early childbirth (Bhatia and Katz 2001). Without a living wage, workers have increased adverse health outcomes contributing to health care burden and are less sell-sufficient requiring public assistance. . Access to healthy food options: Access to affordable, healthy foods help citizens of low income communities to consume a healthful diet and maintain a healthy weight, reducing their risks of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and cancer (PPS). Without access to fresh produce in low-income communities, reduction of nutrition-related heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and cancer will not be adequately addressed. Health impact assessments are a tangible, actionable tool to assist policy makers in shifting their public health policy focus to address socioeconomic determinants of health a top priority. American Public Health Association Public Health ACTion: Advocacy for an Increased Emphasis on Socioeconomic Determinants of Health The American Public Health Association (APHA) enacted the Public Health ACTion campaign (PHACT) in order to generate advocacy groups and actions to reach out and communicate directly with Congress and government officials about public health issues in order to make a difference. The PHACT campaign action kit is designed to be a starting block for anyone who wishes to either make a difference themselves or organize a group to do so together. The thinking is that the more people who commit to these actions and reach out toward members of Congress, the more positive change we may see. The action kit starts out with a timeline for 2014 corresponding to important congressional dates and what actions can be taken at each step of the way. This is a great way to get an overall picture of this year’s campaign and organize what actions need to be accomplished and when. The campaign takes place mostly in the summer and the plan outlines the three areas of focus for 2014: protecting public health funding, protecting public health funding under the ACA, and stopping gun violence. The fact sheet details the reasons why these areas were chosen and goes into what actions correspond to each area of focus. A ten-minute long phone script is provided after each focus so that a single advocate can call Congress to share these issues. Lastly, the campaign action kit outlines various other ways of taking action. These include getting a group of a few people and organizing a meeting with members of Congress to deliver a target message and discuss these issues. Using social media, letters to the editor or an op-ed to deliver messages are also discussed. This action kit provides a well-rounded approach to presenting target public health issues to Congress and to the public so that our voices can be heard. References Bhatia, R., Katz, M. (2001). Estimation of Health Benefits From a Local Living Wage Ordinance. American Journal of Public Health, 1398-1402 Center for Health Information and Analysis. Annual Report on the Massachusetts Health Care Fries JF,Koop CE,Beadle CE,Cooper PP,England MJ,Greaves RF,Sokolov JJ, andWright D., Reducing health care costs by reducing the need and demand for medical services. The Health Project Consortium. N Engl J Med.1993 Jul 29;329(5):321-5. Health Policy Commission. 2013 Cost Trends Report (2013). Available at http://www.mass.gov/anf/docs/hpc/2013-cost-trends-report-final.pdf. Retrieved on March 11, 2014. Heymann, Jody, Jeffrey Heyes, and Alison Earle.The Work, Family, and Equity Index: How Does the United States Measure Up?. McGill University, Institute for Health and Social Policy, 2008. Human Impact Partners (HIP). (2009). A Health Impact Assessment of The Healthy Families Act of 2009 summary of findings. Retrieved from http://www.humanimpact.org/projects/hia-case-stories/paid-sick-days-hias/ Kelly, M.P., et al. The social determinants of health: Developing an evidence base for political action (2007). World Health Organization, Geneva. Market (August 2013). Available at http://www.mass.gov/chia/docs/r/pubs/13/ar-ma-health-caremarket-2013.pdf. Retrieved on March 11, 2014. Office of Attorney General Martha Coakley. Examination of Health Care Cost Trends and Cost Drivers – Report for Annual Public Hearing (April 2013). Available at http://www.mass.gov/ago/docs/healthcare/2013-hcctd.pdf. Retrieved on March 11, 2014. Project for Public Spaces (PPS). Farmers Markets as a Strategy to Improve Access to Healthy Food for Low-Income Families and Communities. Available at http://www.pps.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/RWJF-Report.pdf Trust for America’s Health. Investing In America’s Health: A State-by-State Look at Public Health Funding and Key Health Facts. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. April 2013 Extra Credit: Blog letter http://pubhealthinfo.tumblr.com Most people associate public health with health care and medical professions. But public health is a much broader field than that, spanning multiple disciplines. So shouldn’t public health policy reflect this? Much of public health policy is aimed at increasing access to health care for certain populations, providing health screenings, or other medicalized solutions. While these solutions are helpful, perhaps the public would be better served by combing them with policies that target social, economic, or environmental causes that contribute to the health gap that exists in today’s population. The WHO defines social determinants of health as â€Å"the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age.† Social determinants of health are influenced by the distribution of wealth, power, and resources and lead to health inequalities between subgroups in a given population. If we want to decrease health inequalities, we need to shift the priorities of public health policies. You might be wondering how you can affect this kind of change. The key is to be vocal, which you can do in several ways. First, and perhaps most simply, you can use social media to get others informed and involved in shifting public health priorities. Like, comment on, or reblog public health blogs that advocate for the adoption of social determinants of health into health policies. Second, you can write op-ed articles, call in to local radio stations, or write letters to the editor to raise the awareness of the importance of social determinants of health and health inequalities. Third, you can send letters to your legislators. There are multiple sites that provide form letters, such as this site, or you can write your own letter. Here is a good reference for actions you can take to reach out to your legislators. Here are some other sites you might find interesting and useful in learning about the importance of social determinants of health and how to influence change in public health priorities: UnnaturalCauses.org Policy guide UnnaturalCauses.org Planning for Media Advocacy WHO How can we get the social determinants of health message on the public policy and public health agenda?†

Ebonics :: essays research papers

Ebonics, which stands for Ebony + Phonics is a new term that Linguistics use to describe Black Dialect or Black English or many of the other names that it has been given for more that 350 years.. has been in the news recently but it is definitely not a new topic. Ebonics is a "language" that is a combination of "proper English" and a combination of African languages. Because of this combination a pattern was formed on how certain words are said such as this and that, would be pronounced dis and dat. In all words the "Th." sound sounded like a "D". There was also another pattern formed such as, no tense indicated in the verb, no "r" sound and no consonant pairs. These are just some of the many patterns that were created when Africans were forced to learn the English language.History states that around 1619, during the slave trade, ships collected slaves not just from one nation but from many nations. Although they were all Africans certain areas spoke different languages. Some Africans spoke Ibo, Yoruba and Hausa. They were then separated from each other and had to travel with people whom the could not understand. Captain William Smith wrote:...There will be no more likelihood of their succeeding in a plot...The slaves then had to learn English so that they could have some form of communication with their masters. Their native language and English would be combined and they would speak African-English pidgin. As the slaves began to learn how to communicate with each other, their words would merge into one common word that they could all understand. This is one of the ways that the language became mixed with English.When the African slaves had children they talked to them in African English pidgin. The slaves taught the children both languages so that they could communicate with the slaveowners and to other slaves. As each generation went on the Africans began to speak better English but there were still word that were never spoken correctly or said in proper form.In Georgia and other southern states there were blacks who were not brought from Africa and quite a few knew how to speak standard English. Around 1858 over 400 slave from Africa were brought straight to Georgia and none of them knew a word of English.(Smitherman) Being that these two groups merged together they adapted each others language whether it was correct or incorrectOn the east coast of America, the Blacks spoke a different degree of

The Significance of the Manner in Which Ophelia Dies

There on the pendant boughs her coronet weeds/ Clambering to hang, an envious sliver broke,] When down her weedy trophies and herself/ Fell in the weeping brook. Her clothes spread wide,] And mermaid-like awhile they bore her up†¦ (line 197-201 , Act 4, Scene 7). Shakespeare, by â€Å"letting† Aphelia drowns herself, to some extents alleviates the pain of death and pictures a beautiful Aphelia drowned In water with her beauty minded and preserved.By comparing Aphelia to a mermaid-like figure, Shakespeare gives unreal characteristics to her death and makes it smoother for Aphelia, whose life has been tragic enough. The fact that Aphelia was suffocated under her own dress and that her feminine clothes made her impossible to swim is a metaphor of women's helplessness at the time being – Aphelia dies without any self- defense or mobility. Shakespeare implies the role of women in society and how being a woman gives Aphelia no chance to react even in death.At the same ti me, Aphelia peps singing: Which time she chanted snatches of old lauds/ As one incapable of her own distress/ Or Like a creature native and endued/ Unto that element. (line 202-205, Act 4, Scene 7). Her chanting reminds audience of her madness In Scene 5 and 6, In which she sings songs about men and death. Audience may Identify Aphelion's chanting as a trace of madness, but also her singing on the verge of death portrays a passive let-go of Life – Aphelia clearly has no Intention of fighting back or even crying out for help. Compared to Aphelion's conversations with Polonium andHamlet throughout the play, it is clear that Aphelia never has any voice or reaction to the events of her life – her madness, her destiny and even her death are caused and retold by others. For several times throughout the play Aphelia is pictured with flowers. At the end of Act 4, Scene 7, her death is again associated with symbolic floral images: Therewith fantastic garlands did she make/ Of c ornflowers, nettles, daisies, and long purples/ That liberal shepherds give a grosser name/ But our cold maids do â€Å"dead men's fingers† call them. Nine 193-196, Act 4, Scene 7). Flowers are symbols of Aphelion's tragic life, being a victim of disruptive events mostly caused by men. Cornflower symbolizes a dream of lover, portraying a dying Aphelia still thinking about Hamlet and his love[l]. Nettles signify her bad luck and tragic destiny; while daisies represent innocent love[2]. The long purples represent Aphelion's loss in love Wendell at ten same time audience can assume Tanat â€Å"a grosser name† raters to sexuality[3].By calling long purples â€Å"dead men's fingers†, Shakespeare implies the causes of Aphelion's death as her life is destined by men (Hamlet, Polonium and Alerts); reminding audience of the song which she sings earlier: Larded all with sweet flowers/ Which between to the ground did not go/ With true-love showers. (line 43-45, Act 4, Scen e 5). By associating Aphelion's figure with the presence of flowers, Shakespeare also lets audience know about women's beauty and fragility as that of flowers: although women are romantic and pretty outside, they are truly somber and vulnerable indeed.

Literature analysis and assessment in information technology The WritePass Journal

Literature analysis and assessment in information technology INTRODUCTION Literature analysis and assessment in information technology INTRODUCTIONLiterature ReviewCritical evaluation of research papersEvaluation and Comparison of research papers2ND RESEARCH PAPER3RD RESEARCH PAPERC0NCLUSIONREFERENCES:Related INTRODUCTION It is the Information technologies that allow corporations toward get hold of, development accumulate as well as switch over in sequence. Additionally, inside an acquaintance organization circumstance, information knowledge is able to sustain alteration surrounded by furthermore flanked by implicit plus explicit information. On the other hand, the companies of neither information knowledge neither guarantee acquaintance formation, facts sharing nor information make use of. (Crossan, Nicolini, 2000). The mainly imperative article be not to company be capable of build up acquaintance (standing hub), other than to they be talented toward study incessantly through generating novel information which they transport as well as be relevant (self-motivated center). Information expertise reimbursement is apparent within cogent trade environment. But the course of job, as well as populace, farm duties as well as utensils, be capable of predefined, mechanization through information expertise possibly will be the finest selection. Fielder, Grover, and Teng dispute so as to conventionally, the conventional advance on behalf of be appropriate information equipment be from beginning to end the mechanization of accessible process inside the limitations of conventional practical structure, base on the supposition with the aim of the novel process design be acceptable. Literature Review The technical rebellions so as to have been determining market have brought additional change within organization practice than inside a few other preceding eras. Manager has seen to facilitate information is the foundation of authority as well as to this information be generally dispersed approximately the corporation. Within of this significance, refusal hypothesis or else replica of managerial knowledge is extensively established .The assortment have contribute in the direction of the swift shift taking place of the ground in humanizing the synchronized development of dedicated area of query with the intention of examine diverse aspect of managerial erudition as well as knowledge administration (Argote, McEvily, Reagans, 2003). Even though information management might be unstated like the procedure of detain a firm’s facts also with it toward promote modernization from side to side a twisting of managerial education the difference among information management as well as or ganizational erudition be not wholly palpable. furthermore, present is a increasing acknowledgment so as to the two community split like fundamental concept as well as troubles, still although they might at rest exist with to some extent dissimilar verbal communication toward articulate these issue (Easterby-Smith, Crossan, Nicolini, 2000). Organizational learning procedures imply the expansion of insight, information, along with relations among past proceedings, the efficiency of those events, as well as prospect proceedings. Huber explains the organizational knowledge since an alteration inside the assortment of an organization’s prospective behaviors. Therefore, organizational education is the expansion of new-fangled information plus insight so as to have the possible toward pressure an organization’s performance (Schulz, 2001). Critical evaluation of research papers Organizational erudition surrounded by the association allow the gaining, allocation, construal as well as storage space of innovative facts so as to permit the society headed for be aware of along with bowdlerize novel information system   while toward their ultimate utilize headed for the association (Harrington Guimaraes, 2005).   Information gaining is clear the same as the procedure inside which acquaintance is acquire. Information allocation is the procedure through which information is communal. Information understandings involve attempt in the direction of build up single or else further frequent interpretation of disseminated consciousness. Managerial recollection is distinct as facts that are store on behalf of bring into play. Inside an acquaintance administration circumstance, information knowledge reimbursement is vastly prejudiced through the survival of a suitable environment in the direction of allocate as well as a human direction (Choi Lee, 2003). Within the employees’ promise toward information formation process (Cross Baird, 2000). Accordingly, a development surrounded by which information features significantly be essential.   Internal setting therefore at the same time as in the direction of enhance the learning system performance in addition give confidence the formulate make use of of of sure gear be hypothetical to be expectant. In spite of the unforeseen figure of failure of information organization, present be a number of evidence of its optimistic authority taking place organizational presentation. Various experiential effort have be completed ( Choi Lee, 2003; Gold, Malhotra, Segars, 2001; Lee Choi, 2003) except nearby tranquil a be short of   empirical confirmation mainly within small business conventionally, information management investigate have been address toward huge businesses. On the other hand, diminutive business is probable toward information producer. Their natural arrangement as well as civilization might promote information innovation. Though, their structural skin plus capital scarcity might obstruct toward get hold of sustainable spirited benefit as of these innovation (Levy, Loebbecke, Powell, 2003). Evaluation and Comparison of research papers The most important complicatedness during attainment a helpful meaning is toward differentiates the penalty of organizational learning as of the knowledge development (Robey, Boudreau, Rose, 2000).   Research is on knowledge within organization, which is unstated on the road to acquire rest within organization, during the intellect of a commotion or else a procedure. Organizational learning inside learning because a self-motivated development of acquaintance formation generate on the compassion of the association by means of its persons as well as group, heading for on the cohort as well as expansion of characteristic competencies so as to facilitate the association in the direction of get better its presentation in addition to consequences. The input individuality of this description deserves consideration. Foremost, it is managerial progressions with the intention of strength happen at character, collection as well as managerial level. Following, it is seen since an income on th e way to expand competencies so as to be appreciated through clientele, be hard toward reproduce, plus for this reason make a payment toward aggressive benefit (Crossan Berdrow, 2003). In conclusion, present is an important association flanked by organizational learning in addition to compact presentation (Tippins Sohi, 2003). 2ND RESEARCH PAPER In view of the dissimilarity among information knowledge as well as information scheme, information expertise be able to exist conceive since the communications toward information administration (Chou, 2003), or else an information podium (Tiwana, 2002). Various author, like Choi as well as Lee (2003) also Gold et al. (2001), by means of a comparable direction information expertise like an enabler of acquaintance organization. The position of information know-how be en route for expand human facility of awareness manufacture from side to side the momentum, reminiscence conservatory furthermore statement amenities of knowledge (Baroni Arau ´ Jo, 2001). Several of the expertises so as to support the organization of information contain be approximately in favor of an extended instance. An investigation of scientific tackle is able to be establishing inside Tyndale (2002). A difference be completed flanked by information equipment base resting on tackle rented from additional discipline so as to have enter keen on information organization ground, as well as information equipment base lying on utensils to intended as acquaintance organization utensils on or after their inauguration. 3RD RESEARCH PAPER E-business system be definite like some profitable or else information substitute so as to an association make accessible in excess of a system (Moodley, 2003), as well as are commonly base taking place network technology (Amit Zott, 2001). Essentially, e-business is on conduct commerce automatically above the Internet. This might comprise behavior like statement, marketing, also alliance (Plessis Boon, 2004). The enlargements of e-business have showing numerous opportunities (Mehrtens, Cragg, Mills, 2001); inside circumstances of their attitude toward converse also team up by means of associates all along their worth sequence (Offodile Abdel-Malek, 2002) through the web. Such prospect typically engage information scheme for the completion issue (Levy Powell, 2000). C0NCLUSION The association among organizational knowledge also information expertise have been analyze through related stream (Robey et al., 2000). Some researchers have analyzed managerial knowledge like of clearing up with resolve the troubles of implement also with innovative information technology in organization. Taking place, the function of information expertise have be alert scheduled toward sustain the process of managerial erudition (Lin Lee, 2005). REFERENCES: Real., C.J. Leal., L. and Rolda .2006. Information technology as a determinant of organizational learning and technological distinctive competencies, Industrial Marketing Management, 35, pp.505 – 521. Mercader., J.Cerdan., J and     Sabater-Sa ´ nchez. 2006. Information technology and learning: Their relationship and impact on organizational performance in small businesses, International Journal of Information Management, 26, pp. 16–29. Navarroa., C.J. and Conesa., D .2007. Implementing e-business through organizational learning: An empirical investigation in SMEs, International Journal of Information Management, 27, pp. 173–186. Santhanam., R and   Hartono., E. (2003). Issues in linking information technology capability to firm performance. MIS Quarterly, 27(2), pp.125– 153. McGee., J. E and   Peterson., M. (2000). Towards the development of measures of distinctive competencies among small independent retailers. Journal of Small Business Management, 38(2), pp.19– 33. Melville., N. Kraemer, K and   Gurbaxani, V. (2004). Information technology and organizational performance: An integrative model of IT business value. MIS Quarterly, 28(2), pp. 283–322. Meso., P and Smith, R. (2000). A resource-based view of organizational knowledge management systems. Journal of Knowledge Management, 4(3), pp.224– 234. Teo., T. S. H and Ranganathan., C. (2003). Leveraging IT resources and, capabilities at the housing and development board. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 12(3), pp. 229– 249. Tippins., M. J and   Sohi., R. S. (2003). IT competency and firm performance: Is organizational learning a missing link? Strategic Management Journal, 24(8), pp.745– 761. Ruiz-Mercader., J., MeronËÅ" o-Cerdan., A. L and   Sabater-Sanchez., R. (2006). Information technology and learning: Their relationship and impact on organizational performance in small businesses. International Journal of Information Management, 26(1), pp.16–29 Schlegelmilch., B. B and   Penz., E. (2002). Knowledge management in marketing. Marketing Review, 3, pp. 5–19 Su., C. T., Chen, Y. C and   Sha., D. Y. (2006). Linking innovative product development with customer knowledge: A data mining approach. Technovation, 26, pp.784–795.